Perrow’s argument is that in programs with excessive complexity and tight coupling, catastrophic failures are usually not aberrative, however regular. They’re what the system produces, ultimately, by advantage of what it’s. The 2008 monetary disaster is the canonical current illustration: each particular person establishment was regulated and each instrument technically compliant, however disaster emerged from the interplay of compliant parts at a velocity and scale that made intervention unattainable earlier than the injury was accomplished.